Chain of Dead Poets!

Amsterdam Island with visible craters.

The Amsterdam St Paul hotspot is one of the weaker hotspots around. It has created the St Paul and Amsterdam Islands, the now active Boomerang Seamount (last known eruption 1995), and an elongated chain of seamounts called the Chain of Dead Poets. These are remnants of the eruptive wake of the Amsterdam St Paul hotspot as the plates move on over it. The hotspot has had 2 episodes of increased activity after it became active. The first period lasted from 10 million years ago to six million years ago. The second period started 3 million years ago and lasts up until today. Amsterdam, St Paul and the Boomerang Seamount have all been produced during this second period of activity.

The hotspot is associated with the South East Indian Ridge and its rift system, and the chains volcanoes show evidence of changing in its chemical composition as the hotspot moved into the SEIR.

Amsterdam Island

The Island is the northernmost of the Antarctic sub-aerial volcanoes. It has had two eruptive centers down the line. Both with visible craters, the younger of the craters are far more visible on the image. Both of the craters are from periods of heightened activity, but later volcanism on the Island has primarily been of the flanking fissure type. Even though no eruption has been witnessed lava samples taken from the flanks of the younger crater shows that the volcano has indeed erupted during the last 100 years.

St Paul Island

The channel into St Paul natural harbour. One should keep slightly to the portside of the centerline of the channel when sailing in. The starboard side is much more shallow. By keeping slightly to portside of the middle you can get a 3 meter deep sailing ship into the natural harbour, well inside of it depth is not a problem, and you are quite safe regardless of weather. Stay away from the mammals on the beach, they are big and mean and are in no way to be compared to people in bikinis.

The island had a large eruption a few years before 1780 in which the predominant caldera formed. Even though the caldera is small for being a caldera it was probably formed by a Krakatoa style eruption starting with a for the volcanic system unusually large eruption with a subsequent magma chamber roof failure that let the ocean water down into the chamber. The ensuing steam explosion gutted the chamber.  In 1780 the vestigial remnants of the caldera wall facing the ocean crumbled and the ocean has during the following years carved out a fairly broad, but shallow canal that is open for smaller sailing ships due to its limited depth of around 3 to 5 meters.

Map of St Paul Island from Wikipedia. Note that the island is very small. The actual caldera is only slightly larger than 1 km across.

The Island is together with Isle du Kerguelen the best harbor in the southern ocean, and many trans-globe sailors make a port of call for repairs, or just general relaxation and landfall.

Boomerang Seamount

Not much is known about Boomerang that lies 18 kilometers north of Amsterdam Island. It rises 1 100 meters above the sea floor, but is still 650 meters below the ocean surface. During an expedition in 1996 they dredged up a lava sample and tested its Uranium/Thorium content. It showed that the lava had been erupted only 5 months prior to the visit.

The Seamount has a 2km caldera showing that the volcano has had at least one substantial eruption and probably have been a bit closer to the surface before.

CARL

The Icelandic Hotspot Hypervolcano™ – Why old traps won’t erupt again

Photograph by Jeff Shea. A range of north Greenland shield volcanoes eroded by glacier ice so that they more remind of a range of strato-volcanoes.

Earlier today commenter Lucas Wilson asked me about volcanism in Greenland. So, I thought I should write a short piece on what once used to drive the volcanism there.

But let us start with what we today call the Icelandic hotspot. In here we have a tendency to talk about large volcanoes now and then, and sometimes about what is called “super volcanoes” in the media. But, the fact is that Iceland is both the largest volcanic structure on the planet, and also by far the oldest active one.

Let us start with largest. Iceland stands for between one third and half of all the magma on the planet during the last 250 million years. The rate of lava produced is fairly prodigious. Also, few know how long this has been going on. The answer is that it all started far before Iceland was born. Time for a history lesson.

Iceland was born as the Icelandic Hotspot moved close to the Mid Atlantic Rift; Iceland was born from the mid parts to the west and the east. This is as a function of the hotspot giving extra magma to the normal volcanism of the MAR, and thusly building the volcanic edifice known as Iceland as the MAR rifts apart.

Photograph by Ansgar Walk. Trap formation eroded by Glaciers, Ice age glaciation, and coastal erotion. Baffin Island.

Okay, now to the age thing. The Icelandic Hotspot is one of the really few surface expressions on the planet that is stationary. I know, the hotspot per see is not visible, but its effects are. So, as the continents and plates have fun surfing around bumping in to each other they slide over the poor hotspot.

A few tens of millions of years ago it was a part of the North American plate that slid over the Hotspot, and as that broke apart magma pushed through and created Greenland. As the now archipelago of Greenland slid away it lost its capacity to have eruptions pretty permanently.

Before that it was Newfoundland that popped up as it slid over the hotspot. And before that we had the same hotspot creating the largest Large Igneous Province on the planet, the North Arctic Igneous Province (NAIP). Before that Labrador and Baffin Island slid over the NAIP, and that put us at about 95 million years ago. And 130 million years ago it created the Alpha Ridge. Any  super volcano will have an inferiority complex to that eruption.

Before that and even further down in time it was known as the Siberian Traps, the largest on land eruption. And now we are back 250 million years in time. Before that things get a bit harder to track.

Photograph by Jxandreani, wikimedia commons. This is a part of the Putorana-Norilsk Deposit.

Here comes an interesting thing. What is today known as the Icelandic Hotspot has been conveying about the same amount of magma since the Siberian Traps. Give or take the eruptive rate has constantly been around 0,5 to 1,5 cubic kilometer per year since day one. And as we all know the average erupted material is only 1 in 20 of the magma that comes up. The rest stays as intrusions or inside magma chambers. So, on an average year the Icelandic Hotspot will loft up 20 cubic kilometers of material.

Now some of you will say something like “Hey dude, it never erupted continuously, so it can not be the same. And dude, the Siberian Traps erupted more material than Iceland”.

The reason for it not having erupted constantly is that it need either pressure enough to crack a continental plate, or the magma had to wait for a spot that was weakened that it could crack. The Siberian Trap was a momentous episode, but the largest separate eruption was “only” 3000 cubic kilometers of lava erupted (Norilsk Deposit). In the end the Siberian Traps is only standing for a slight elevation in erupted material even though a lot of magma had accumulated under the Eurasian plate before onset of eruption. Average erupted material during the Siberian Traps was only twice what Iceland is popping out on average.

The Siberian traps carved by a river into a kilometer high cliff.

We should also remember that eruptions happen in cycles. The Norilsk Deposit is probably a hundred million year event, or in other word, it would take on average 100 000 000 years in between every eruption of that size. It is estimated that it took about a hundred years to erupt that amount. So, on average 30 cubic kilometers per eruption year and that is not a nice thing to be around, but far from what it takes to produce a mass extinction.

We know that there are about 2 to 4 eruptions on the scale of above 10 cubic kilometers in Iceland today per every thousand years. They tend to happen on a 270 year cycle. We also know that every few thousand years we get them in the 30 to 50 cubic kilometers. Most likely those come in about 1000 year cycles, but in various places over Iceland, and on average over time.

About once every 10 000 years we get one upwards to a 100 cubic kilometers. I do not know of any eruption in Iceland significantly larger than that, and would be surprised if anyone finding one. The reason of course is that the MAR creates a fairly open passageway for the magma. Norilsk was happening due to the dense rock of the Eurasian plate storing up magma under it until it cracked, so the necessary magmatic pressure can most likely not build like that in Iceland.

So, now we know that old huge volcanoes cannot erupt again due to the magma-hose being disconnected as the plates slide away from the “gas-station”, and we also know how persistant the hotspot is.

Super volcanoes, well all is relative…

Bonus Riddle from Alan

Many of you might have missed that we tend to have volcanic and geologic riddles every friday in here. Lately we did not have that due to El Hierro taking center stage. But we do know that there are many that love them, so here is bonus riddle. Remember, it should end up in something rocky.

Huh! Last week, I went into a nice bakers – they only had this rock-cake!

CARL